Seventy years after the invention of a data structure called a hash table, theoreticians have found the most efficient possible configuration for it. About 70 years ago, an engineer at IBM named Hans ...

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The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. Sometime in the fall of 2021, Andrew Krapivin, an undergraduate at Rutgers University, encountered a paper that would change his life.

Without a defined primary key, a table has no semantic under­pinning; it is meaningless. Most things are unique in that they can be identified. Transactions are unique because even when every­thing ...